AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution defined as the of one or more
contaminants or combinations in such
quantities and of such durations as may be or
tend to be injurious to human, animal or plant
life, or property, or which unreasonably
interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life
or property or conduct of business.
SOURCE AND CLASSIFICATION
- Natural
- Man- made or anthropogenic
- Natural- pollen grains, volcanic eruptions,
forest fires, dust storms, spores, bacteria
and other microorganisms.
- Man- made- industrial units, thermal power
plants, automobile exhausts, fossil fuel
burning, mining, nuclear explosions
- Stationary
- Mobile
- Point source- large stationary source
- Area source- small stationary source and
mobile source with indefinite routes
- Line source- mobile source with definite
routes
AIR POLLUTANTS
- Substance dwelling temporarily or permanently in the air.
- lters the environment by interfering with the health, the
comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the
property values of people.
- A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid or
gas .
- It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source
(or both).
- It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have
changed the composition of global air by less
than 0.01%.
- Even a small change can have a significant
adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem and
species on the planet.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS
Pollutants can be grouped into two categories:
(1) primary pollutants, which are emitted
directly from identifiable sources, and
(2) secondary pollutants, which are produced
in the atmosphere when certain chemical
reactions take place among primary pollutants.
PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
- The major primary pollutants include:
- particulate matter (PM),
- sulfur dioxide,
- nitrogen oxides,
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
- carbon monoxide, and
- lead.
SECONDARY POLLUTANTS
- Some primary air pollutants react with one
another or with other chemicals to form
secondary pollutants.
- Atmospheric sulfuric acid is one example of a
secondary pollutant.
- Air pollution in urban and industrial areas is often
called smog.
- Photochemical smog, a noxious mixture of
gases and particles, is produced when strong
sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the
atmosphere.
- The major component of photochemical smog is
ozone.
MAJOR POLLUTANTS SOURCES AND
EFFECTS
- higher conc. seriously affect.
- Volcanoes, natural gas emissions,
seed germination contribute to CO.
- Transport sector contribute 75% CO.
- Residential wood burning 10%, industrial process
15% CO.
Effects:
- Reduce oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
- Decrease in vision and causes cardio vascular
disorders.
Carbon dioxide (C02
)-
- Fossil fuel combustion.
- Jet plane use O2 and release CO2
.
- Burning
Effects:
- Causes headache and nausea.
- Effect on climate, increase global temp.
- Oxides of nitrogen –
- NOx group contains NO, NO2
, N2O.
- Fuel combustion in automobiles and industries.
- Lightening.
- Forest fires.
- Natural ionizing radiations.
Effects:
- Reduce blood carrying capacity.
- Causes lung problems.
Oxides of sulphur –
- generally called SOx, include SO2
,
SO3
.
- 67% SOx pollution due to volcanic activities and other
natural sources. Remaining due to fossil fuel burning, transportation.
- Industrial activities.
Effects:
- Respiratory problems
- Marbles, clothes, paper, leather also affected.
- Plants also heavily affected.
Hydrocarbons (HC) –
- these include methane, ethylene,
acetylene, terpenes etc.
- Sources include coal fields, natural fires.
- Incomplete combustion
- Forest fires
- Agricultural burning
Effects:
- Carcinogenic effect
- Form ozone and PAN which are harmful.
- Damage plants, rubber materials, fabric and paints.
PARTICULATE MATERIALS
- Particles of different substances suspended in the
air
- In the form of solid particles and liquid droplets
- Particles vary widely in size
- Different particulate materials are aerosols, dust,
smoke, fumes, mist, fog, fly ash etc.
Fine particles come from a variety of sources:
- diesel trucks and buses
- construction equipment
- power plants
- woodstoves
- wildfires
Also, Chemical reactions in the atmosphere can
transform gases into fine particles.
Effects:
- Premature death
- Aggravated asthma
- Acute respiratory symptoms
- Chronic bronchitis
- Decreased lung function (shortness of breath)
- People with existing heart and lung disease, as well
as the elderly and children, are particularly at risk
- Substance dwelling temporarily or permanently in the air.
- lters the environment by interfering with the health, the comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.
- A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid or gas .
- It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source (or both).
- It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have changed the composition of global air by less than 0.01%.
- Even a small change can have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem and species on the planet.
- The major primary pollutants include:
- particulate matter (PM),
- sulfur dioxide,
- nitrogen oxides,
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
- carbon monoxide, and
- lead.
SECONDARY POLLUTANTS
- Some primary air pollutants react with one another or with other chemicals to form secondary pollutants.
- Atmospheric sulfuric acid is one example of a secondary pollutant.
- Air pollution in urban and industrial areas is often called smog.
- Photochemical smog, a noxious mixture of gases and particles, is produced when strong sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.
- The major component of photochemical smog is ozone.
MAJOR POLLUTANTS SOURCES AND
EFFECTS
- higher conc. seriously affect.
- Volcanoes, natural gas emissions, seed germination contribute to CO.
- Transport sector contribute 75% CO.
- Residential wood burning 10%, industrial process 15% CO.
Effects:
- Reduce oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
- Decrease in vision and causes cardio vascular disorders.
Carbon dioxide (C02
)-
- Fossil fuel combustion.
- Jet plane use O2 and release CO2 .
- Burning
Effects:
- Causes headache and nausea.
- Effect on climate, increase global temp.
- Oxides of nitrogen –
- NOx group contains NO, NO2 , N2O.
- Fuel combustion in automobiles and industries.
- Lightening.
- Forest fires.
- Natural ionizing radiations.
Effects:
- Reduce blood carrying capacity.
- Causes lung problems.
Oxides of sulphur –
- generally called SOx, include SO2 , SO3 .
- 67% SOx pollution due to volcanic activities and other natural sources. Remaining due to fossil fuel burning, transportation.
- Industrial activities.
Effects:
- Respiratory problems
- Marbles, clothes, paper, leather also affected.
- Plants also heavily affected.
Hydrocarbons (HC) –
- these include methane, ethylene, acetylene, terpenes etc.
- Sources include coal fields, natural fires.
- Incomplete combustion
- Forest fires
- Agricultural burning
Effects:
- Carcinogenic effect
- Form ozone and PAN which are harmful.
- Damage plants, rubber materials, fabric and paints.
PARTICULATE MATERIALS
- Particles of different substances suspended in the air
- In the form of solid particles and liquid droplets
- Particles vary widely in size
- Different particulate materials are aerosols, dust, smoke, fumes, mist, fog, fly ash etc.
Fine particles come from a variety of sources:
- diesel trucks and buses
- construction equipment
- power plants
- woodstoves
- wildfires
Also, Chemical reactions in the atmosphere can
transform gases into fine particles.
Effects:
- Premature death
- Aggravated asthma
- Acute respiratory symptoms
- Chronic bronchitis
- Decreased lung function (shortness of breath)
- People with existing heart and lung disease, as well as the elderly and children, are particularly at risk
0 Comments